Make America Kind Again Artwork With Bird and Holding Hands

Volume past naturalist and painter John James Audubon

"Birds of America (book)" redirects here. For the collection of short stories by Lorrie Moore, see Birds of America (stories).

The Birds of America

The cover shows a Louisiana heron, Egretta tricolor (now chosen tricolored heron)
Writer	John James Audubon
Original title	The Birds of America; from original drawings past John James Audubon[i]
Illustrator	John James Audubon
Country	Britain
Discipline	Birds – Northward America; Birds – pictorial works[ane]
Publication date	1827–1838
Pages	435
LC Class	QL674 .A9 1827[1]

The Birds of America is a book by naturalist and painter John James Audubon, containing illustrations of a wide variety of birds of the The states. It was get-go published as a series in sections betwixt 1827 and 1838, in Edinburgh and London. Not all of the specimens illustrated in the work were collected by Audubon himself; some were sent to him by John Kirk Townsend, who had collected them on Nathaniel Jarvis Wyeth's 1834 expedition with Thomas Nuttall.^{[2] [3]}

The work consists of 435 hand-coloured, life-size prints, made from engraved plates, measuring around 39 past 26 inches (99 by 66 cm). Information technology includes images of five, perchance six, at present-extinct birds: Carolina parakeet, passenger dove, Labrador duck, great auk, pinnated grouse, and, mayhap, the Eskimo curlew.^[four] Fine art historians depict Audubon'due south work as existence of high quality and printed with "creative finesse".^[5] The constitute life backgrounds of some 50 of the bird studies were painted past Audubon's assistant Joseph Mason, but he is not credited for his work in the book.^[half-dozen] He shot many specimen birds too every bit transporting and maintaining supplies for Audubon.^[7] Audubon withal used the background plants and insects painted past Maria Martin, afterward married woman of John Bachman, with credit. George Lehman was hired to draw some of the perches and background detail. Audubon also authored the companion book Ornithological Biographies.^{[eight] [nine]}

Early publication history [edit]

Nigh 1820, effectually the age of 35, Audubon declared his intention to paint every bird in North America.^{[10] [viii]} In his bird art, he mainly forsook oil paint, the medium of serious artists of the solar day, in favour of watercolours and pastel crayons (and occasionally pencil, charcoal, chalk, gouache, and pen and ink). As early as 1807, he developed a method of using wires and threads to hold expressionless birds in lifelike poses while he drew them.^[10]

In 1823, Audubon went to Philadelphia and New York, looking for financial support using subscriptions to enable him to publish his artwork. He sold the copper engraving plates through on a subscription basis in North America and Europe. Those subscribed obtained 5 plates at a fourth dimension. Each subscriber received prints of iii smaller birds, a larger bird and a mid-sized bird. The prints were produced from 1827 to 1838 that cost each subscriber around $1,000.^{[8] [xi] [12]} It is thought that no more than than 120 complete sets exist today. Each fix consists of 435 private plates that are based upon the original paintings. Each plate was engraved, printed, and hand colored by Robert Havell of London. While William Lizars, of Edinburgh, engraved the first x plates, Havell really finished some of those. Havell, in some cases added elements such as insects to the plate.^[13]

Audubon often found support lacking.^[x] As a upshot, in 1826, he set sail for the U.k. with 250 of his original illustrations, looking for the fiscal support of subscribers and the technical abilities of engravers and printers.^[xiv] After exhibiting his drawings in Liverpool and Manchester, he journeyed to Edinburgh, where he met the achieved engraver William H. Lizars. Lizars engraved upwards to 10 of the get-go plates but was unable to continue the projection when his colourists went on strike.^{[1] [15]} In 1827, Audubon engaged the noted London animal engraver Robert Havell Jr., and his father, Robert Havell Sr. Havell Jr. oversaw the projection through to its completion in 1838.^[15]

The original edition of The Birds of America (sometimes chosen the Havell Edition^[16] subsequently its printer, and sometimes called the "Double Elephant Folio", because of its size) was printed on handmade paper 39.5 inches alpine by 28.5 inches wide. The primary printing technique was copperplate etching, merely engraving and aquatint were also used.^[16] Colorists applied each color in associates-line style (over l were hired for the piece of work).^[17]

Audubon funded the costly printing project through a pay-as-y'all-go subscription. From 1826 to 1829, he travelled effectually the UK and to Paris, lecturing on ornithology and frontier American life^[xviii] in an effort to entice wealthy patrons to subscribe to the series of prints. Subscribers included the French king Charles 10, the British queen Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen, Lord Spencer, and, later, the Americans Daniel Webster and Henry Clay.^[18]

Prints were issued in sets of v every month or 2 in tin cases^[nineteen] and each set usually included one very large bird, one medium-sized bird, and three modest birds.^[18] The plates were published unbound and without whatever text to avoid having to furnish free copies to the British legal deposit libraries.^[one] Information technology is estimated that not more than than 200 complete sets were ever compiled.^{[16] [18]} An accompanying text, issued separately, was written past Audubon and the Scottish naturalist and ornithologist William MacGillivray^[xx] and published in v volumes in Edinburgh between 1831 and 1839, nether the title Ornithological Biography, or, An account of the habits of the birds of the United States of America.^[1] The boosted cost of the 5 volumes of text brought the total cost of plates and text to about $1000.^[16]

Three universities were original subscribers to the double-elephant folio version: Columbia University, Harvard University, and the University of S Carolina. Audubon had personally visited Columbia in 1833 and displayed his drawings to the college's president, William Alexander Duer, after which the college raised $800 for its subscription, which was completed in 1838.^[21]

After the folio edition was completed, Audubon decided to produce a more affordable edition and employed a lithographer from Philadelphia named J. T. Bowen. Bowen and his squad created a smaller Royal Octavo edition, which was issued to subscribers in seven volumes and completed in 1844.^[22] Five more octavo editions were completed through 1877. The octavo edition used the text of the Ornithological biography but increased the number of plates to 500, separating some birds which had originally appeared together. Some new drawings were included, mostly by Audubon's youngest son John Woodhouse Audubon, though Audubon and members of Bowen's team besides contributed.^{[23] [24]}

The Bien Edition (subsequently chromolithography pioneer Julius Bien), was a full-sized reissue published in 1858 by Roe Lockwood in New York under the supervision of John Woodhouse Audubon.^[25] Due in part to the Ceremonious War, the edition was never finished; only 15 parts of the 44 part series were completed. This edition consisted of 105 plates and included none of the original text.^[26] Fewer than 100 subscriptions were sold, making this edition rarer than other early editions.^[27] Audubon'due south practice of obtaining his subjects has been described as:"Audubon used what we like to call today as the barrel-of-the-shotgun method...After he killed the birds, he would utilize a complex system of wires and strings to position the birds. Previous artists would draw the birds in a stiff position, but Audubon was unlike. He drew the birds in dynamic ways, by positioning them how he would find them in the field."^[5]

Public exhibitions [edit]

A full viii-book, double-elephant folio version is on public display in the Audubon Room at the Harlan Hatcher Graduate Library at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. This, the first volume purchased past the Academy, was bought in 1839 for $970 (equivalent to $90,000 in 2020), at the time an amazing sum. The entire volume of 435 plates is also available for viewing online at the websites of the University of Michigan ^[28] and the Public Library of Cincinnati and Hamilton County.^[29]

Since 1992, the Louisiana State University Libraries take hosted "Audubon Day," a semi-almanac public showing of all iv volumes of LSU'southward copy of the Birds of America. The fix formerly belonged to one of the original subscribers, the Duke of Northumberland, and was purchased with a grant from the Crown Zellerbach Corporation in 1964. In contempo years, the event has drawn more 200 visitors. It was profiled in a 2011 Wall Street Journal commodity titled "The Joys of Slow Looking."^[30]

In 2003, the University of Pittsburgh, which owns a complete collection of Birds of America that had been recently restored and preserved by the Etherington Conservation Center, mounted a major exhibition of 62 selected plates and other materials in its Academy Art Gallery. Following this, the university constructed an showroom example on the ground floor of the schoolhouse's Hillman Library to continuously display a rotating selection of plates to the public. Single plates have been exhibited for two weeks at a time in plate number order.^[8] In 2007, the university undertook a projection to digitize every plate from Birds of America, likewise as Audubon's Ornithological Biography, and, for the first time, presented the complete set for public viewing through 1 site on the net.^{[31] [5] [32]} This consequence, called "Audubon day" was first conducted in 2011.^{[33] [34]}

In 2004, in that location was an attempted heist of the Transylvania University's four double-sized folios of Birds of America by 4 higher students, Spencer Reinhard, Warren Lipka, Eric Borsuk, and Chas Allen II. The robbers tasered the librarian, but were unable to complete the heist and all plead guilty and were sentenced to vii twelvemonth prison terms.^{[35] [36]}

In 2007, the book was the subject of an exhibition past the Teylers Museum in Haarlem, which owns a copy it ordered from the original subscription.^[37] To commemorate the book's record-breaking sale, the museum decided to display its copy (for which the museum eventually paid 2200 guilders—a fortune at the time—during the years 1827–1838) until Jan 2011.^{[ citation needed ]}

The Buffalo & Erie Canton Public Library's Rare Book Room has a complete Birds of America, which is frequently on display.

All of Audubon's and Mason's known extant watercolors preparatory for Birds of America are housed at the New-York Historical Society in New York City.^[38]

The Stark Museum of Art in Orange, Texas, owns and exhibits John James Audubon's personal copy of Birds of America.^[39]

The Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago, Illinois owns a re-create that previously belonged to Audubon's friend and family doctor, Dr. Benjamin Phillips. Only this copy and that owned past the Stark Museum of Art contain thirteen additional plates, added late in the projection to correct earlier mistakes by compositing new plates onto previous prints.^[xl] The Field Museum produced and displayed an showroom based effectually their re-create of Birds of America in 2019-2020.^[41]

In 2010 the North Carolina Museum of Art began a five-year exhibition of its restored four-book set purchased for the land by Governor William Alexander Graham in 1846.^[42]

Liverpool Central Library currently has a copy of Birds of America on display in a glass case, with its pages turned weekly,^[43] likewise equally existence displayed through an interactive kiosk, allowing readers to view the contents close-upwards without damaging the original copy using an Evoke Ev5 Kiosk.^[44]

I of the original books was bought past Laurance Spelman Rockefeller, who had each plate individually framed. They are all hanging throughout the public areas of the Woodstock Inn, in Woodstock, Vermont, which he built in 1969.^{[ citation needed ]}

Paisley Museum and Art Gallery, in Paisley, Scotland, has the four book elephant page of Birds of America.^[45]

The Royal Higher of Physicians and Surgeons in Glasgow, Scotland holds one volume which is on display in the library, together with an interactive version.^[46]

Two copies are on permanent display on the mezzanine level of the Beinecke Rare Volume & Manuscript Library at Yale Academy.^[47]

Collections and archives [edit]

Though individual prints are commonly available, only 120 complete sets are known to exist.^[48] One complete copy of The Birds of America exists every bit part of The Darlington Collection at the Academy of Pittsburgh.^{[49] [48]} Another consummate collection is housed with Meisei University in Tokyo, Nihon.^[50] The Mitchell Library in Glasgow, Scotland, also holds a full, four-volume set of this publication.^{[51] [52] [53]} Dartmouth College in New Hampshire owns a complete set that originally belonged to Daniel Webster, forth with an even more rare re-create of Audubon's original prospectus shared with publishers, of which there are only 16 extant copies.^{[54] [55]}

The Birds of America is on permanent display in Trinity College, Connecticut'due south Watkinson Library, and was owned past the engraver, Robert Havell. Information technology was donated to the Higher in 1900 by Gurdon Wadsworth Russell, an 1834 graduate of Trinity.^[56]

Toronto Public Library also holds a re-create; originally a iv-book set, information technology was unbound to preserve the individual plates which have been digitized in the library's Digital Archive and stored in custom-made boxes in the Toronto Reference Library.^[57]

Some other complete copy of the prints, spring in 17 volumes, belongs to the Library of Parliament in Ottawa, Canada.^[58]

Matrimony College in Schenectady, NY possesses a complete copy that was purchased past its president Eliphalet Nott in 1844.^[59]

In Commonwealth of australia, the Melbourne Public Library purchased a iv-book complete copy in 1871 from William Stallard, a schoolhouse principal in Geelong. The library'southward president Redmond Barry negotiated to purchase the copy for £100, half what had been asked, and the library spent a further £16 on restoring the bindings on three of the volumes. Stallard was in financial difficulties at the fourth dimension and later committed suicide.^[60]

Recent sales [edit]

In March 2000, Sheikh Saud Al-Thani of Qatar purchased a copy of The Birds of America at a Christie's auction for $8.8 one thousand thousand, a record for any book at auction.^[61]

In December 2010, The Economist magazine estimated that, adapted for inflation, five of the x highest prices ever paid for printed books were paid for copies of The Birds of America.^[62] Of the 120 copies known to survive, only 13 are held in private collections.^[63] In March 2000, the Fox-Bute copy sold at Christie's, New York, for $8,802,500.^{[64] [65]} In December 2005, an unbound copy, the Providence Archives Set,^[65] sold, again at Christie'due south, New York, for $5.6 million.^[66]

On six Dec 2010, a complete re-create of the start edition was sold in London at Sotheby's for £vii,321,250^[67] (approximately $11.v million)^[68] during the auction of Magnificent Books, Manuscripts and Drawings from the Collection of Frederick, Second Lord Hesketh. The winning bid was a record auction price for a printed book and was placed by London-based art dealer Michael Tollemache, who outbid three others during the auction.^[68] Co-ordinate to the provenance details reported by the auction house, the copy's original possessor was Henry Witham of Durham, listed as subscriber 11 in Audubon'south Ornithological Biography; the start volume of the set bears a presentation inscription from Witham's married woman, dated 24 June 1831.^[67] Lord Hesketh had bought the re-create from a descendant of Witham at a Christie'due south sale on three July 1951, paying £seven,000.^[67]

On twenty January 2012, a consummate copy of the first edition was sold past heirs of the Quaternary Duke of Portland at Christie'southward, New York, for $7.nine million. The heir-apparent was identified only as "an American collector who bid past phone." The sale brought to 120 the number of copies known to have survived – 107 in institution collections and 13 in individual hands.^[69]

Plates [edit]

• 

  Harlan'south hawk in plate 86

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

Gallery of the residue of the plates.

Textiles [edit]

In 1830s, immediately after the publication, several plates were used as a footing for the design of a series of roller-printed furnishing fabric, produced in Lancashire, United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland.^[71]

See also [edit]

• Listing of nigh expensive books and manuscripts

References [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b c d e f} "The birds of America; from original drawings". Library of Congress. Retrieved 10 December 2010.
2. ^ Mearns, B. & R. John Kirk Townsend: Collector of Audubon'south Western Birds and Mammals (2007).
3. ^ 'Narrative of a Journey Across the Rocky Mountains to the Columbia River' by John Kirk Townsend
4. ^ Guild, National Audubon. "Extinct Birds". web4.audubon.org.
5. ^ ^{a b c} Hoover, Bob (4 March 2008). "Audubon's 'Birds' now in flock on one Spider web site". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Pittsburgh, PA. Retrieved 22 August 2011.
6. ^ Burt, DeVere. "The Joseph Mason Projection, Historic Spring Grove Cemetery and Arboretum" Archived 22 Dec 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Ruthven.com website. Accessed 17 December 2015.
7. ^ "Boom From the By: Everyone Needs a Good Assistant". History Detectives. viii March 2013. Retrieved 27 Nov 2017.
8. ^ ^{a b c d} "Audubon at Pitt". Academy Library Organization, University of Pittsburgh. 2008. Retrieved 22 August 2011.
9. ^ "Audubon's Birds of America". digital2.library.pitt.edu . Retrieved 27 November 2017.
10. ^ ^{a b c} "Fundamental Park's Winged Tenants, By Audubon". The New York Times. 26 December 2003.
11. ^ This is equivalent to $24,600 in 2015
12. ^ "1838 dollars in 2015 | Inflation Estimator". www.in2013dollars.com . Retrieved 27 November 2017.
13. ^ Wagner, James (2019). "The Bugs of America 1826–1838". American Entomologist. 65 (4): 238–249. doi:10.1093/ae/tmz066. ISSN 1046-2821.
14. ^ "Audubon and men of influence".
15. ^ ^{a b} "Victoria Gallery & Museum". liv.ac.uk. University of Liverpool.
16. ^ ^{a b c d} "Original Audubon Prints - Antiquarian Natural History Prints - Books - Havell - Bien - Imperial Folio - Bird and Animal Prints". minniesland.com. Archived from the original on xix June 2010.
17. ^ Rhodes, 2004, pp. 273, 389.
18. ^ ^{a b c d} "Rarae Aves: Audubon At Auction". The New York Times. 3 March 2000.
19. ^ "Vibrant Birds Of America, Via Germany". The New York Times. 25 June 2004.
20. ^ "William MacGillivray". nhm.air-conditioning.great britain.
21. ^ "Columbia Academy Libraries Online Exhibitions | Jewels in Her Crown: Treasures of Columbia University Libraries Special Collections". exhibitions.library.columbia.edu . Retrieved 27 December 2021.
22. ^ Audubon, John James; Bowen, John T. (1840–1844). The birds of America : from drawings made in the United States and their territories. New York: J.J. Audubon. . Book 1; Volume 2; Volume 3; Volume 4;Volume 5; Volume 6;Volume 7
23. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 3 July 2010. Retrieved 9 December 2010. {{cite spider web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy every bit title (link)
24. ^ "The Registry Of Nature Habitats - Audubon Birds of America - Publisher's Preface". abirdshome.com.
25. ^ Flynn, Ron. "The Bien Edition / The Project, Quality, Errors and Market Value". Retrieved 30 September 2012.
26. ^ "Audubon Galleries Original Audubon Books and Prints". Audubongalleries.com. Retrieved 10 December 2010.
27. ^ Ron Flynn. "Near Audubon and His Octavo Edition Prints". Auduboninfo.cyberspace. Retrieved 10 December 2010.
28. ^ "PictureIt Rare Volume Reader". umich.edu.
29. ^ "CONTENTdm".
30. ^ Willard Spiegelman (19 May 2011). "Birds of America by John James Audubon at Loma Memorial Library at Louisiana State Academy-The Joys of Dull Looking". Wall Street Journal.
31. ^ "Audubon's Birds of America". pitt.edu.
32. ^ "Free Audubon Twenty-four hours includes prints, lectures". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved 29 November 2017.
33. ^ "Pitt's University Library System Hosts 2nd Annual Audubon Day". world wide web.news.pitt.edu. Academy of Pittsburgh News. Retrieved 29 November 2017.
34. ^ "Birders flock to Audubon'southward art - The Pitt News". The Pitt News. 2 November 2015. Retrieved 29 Nov 2017.
35. ^ Falk, John. "Majoring In Offense". Vanities . Retrieved 17 May 2021.
36. ^ Lee, Chris (1 June 2018). "The Real-life Heist Caper Behind American Animals". Vulture . Retrieved 17 May 2021.
37. ^ "Teyler's 2007 exhibition website". Vogelsxxl.nl. 3 Nov 2007. Archived from the original on fifteen December 2010. Retrieved ten December 2010.
38. ^ "Original Audubon Prints - Antique Natural History Prints - Books - Havell - Bien - Imperial Folio - Bird and Beast Prints". minniesland.com. Archived from the original on xi November 2010.
39. ^ "Archived re-create". Archived from the original on 16 December 2010. Retrieved 12 December 2010. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived re-create as title (link)
40. ^ "Composite Plates". Field Museum Library . Retrieved 20 Apr 2020.
41. ^ "Life-size illustrations of birds take center stage at Audubon's Birds of America exhibition". Field Museum of Natural History. 23 Apr 2019. Retrieved twenty Apr 2020.
42. ^ "Exhibitions". ncartmuseum.org.
43. ^ "Rekindling Liverpool Central Library". Sevenstreets.com. Retrieved 24 January 2013.
44. ^ "The book and the kiosk". evoke-kiosks.co.uk.
45. ^ "Prize possessions on show at Paisley museum". dailyrecord. 12 November 2015. Retrieved 3 Dec 2015.
46. ^ "Doors Open Day 2015". College Library . Retrieved 3 Dec 2015.
47. ^ "Exhibition - Audubon at Beinecke". Yale University - Audubon at Beinecke . Retrieved 21 October 2020.
48. ^ ^{a b} "Audubon's Birds of America at the University of Pittsburgh". audubon.pitt.edu . Retrieved 27 Nov 2017.
49. ^ Pitz, Marylynne (16 November 2013). "Pitt exhibits Audubon prints". Pittsburgh Post Gazette. Retrieved 27 November 2017.
50. ^ "Meisei Academy Birds Of America, Meisei University". birdsofamerica.meisei-u.ac.jp . Retrieved 27 November 2017.
51. ^ O'Toole, Emer (27 November 2018). "World's about expensive printed book displayed at library in Scotland". The National . Retrieved 26 Oct 2020.
52. ^ Weldon, Victoria (26 November 2018). "Library safeguards one of the rarest and nigh expensive books in the world". Glasgow Herald . Retrieved 26 October 2020.
53. ^ "Stunning pictures show one of the world's almost expensive books in Glasgow library". Glasgow Evening Times. 26 November 2018. Retrieved 26 Oct 2020.
54. ^ "At Rauner, Celebrating the Work of John James Audubon". Dartmouth News. 26 April 2017. Retrieved 26 June 2021.
55. ^ Library, Rauner (25 April 2017). "Rauner Special Collections Library: Audubon'south Prospective Patrons". Rauner Special Collections Library . Retrieved 26 June 2021.
56. ^ Webmaster. "Trinity College is Nest for Birders". www.trincoll.edu . Retrieved i October 2016.
57. ^ "Birds of America at the Toronto Public Library · John J. Audubon'southward Birds of America · TPL Virtual Exhibits". omeka.tplcs.ca . Retrieved 11 June 2018.
58. ^ "Library of Parliament digitized John James Audubon bird masterpiece | CBC News". CBC . Retrieved 26 October 2018.
59. ^ "Audubon Collection". Matrimony College Schaeffer Library . Retrieved 2 April 2016.
60. ^ Hubber, Brian (1998). "Annotation: Audubon'south Birds of America in the State Library". The La Trobe Journal. La Trobe University (62): 21–23.
61. ^ "John James Audubon'southward 'Birds Of America' Sells for $viii.8 Meg". Fine art & Antiques Magazine.
62. ^ "Volume value". The Economist. 8 Dec 2010.
63. ^ Collett, Mike. "Rare 'Birds of America' book fetches $11.5M at sale". Today.msnbc.msn.com. Archived from the original on 11 Dec 2010. Retrieved 10 Dec 2010.
64. ^ BBC, 9 September 2010, World's nearly expensive book goes back on sale
65. ^ ^{a b} "Shakespeare offset edition breaks Sotheby's tape with £two.8m salet". The Contained.
66. ^ Ellen Gamerman (26 November 2010). "Collectors Circle as 'Birds of America' Comes to Sale at Sotheby's". Wall Street Journal.
67. ^ ^{a b c} "Lot l: The Birds of America; from original drawings by John James Audubon. London: published by the author, 1827–1838". Sotheby's. Retrieved 10 December 2010.
68. ^ ^{a b} Reyburn, Scott (7 Dec 2010). "'Birds of America' Volume Fetches Tape $11.v Million". Bloomberg.
69. ^ "Audubon's 'Birds' sells for $7.9M". New York Daily News. Associated Printing. twenty January 2012. Retrieved 1 May 2012.
70. ^ Halley, Matthew R. (22 June 2020), "Audubon's Bird of Washington: unravelling the fraud that launched The birds of America", Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Lodge, 140 (2): 110–141, doi:x.25226/bboc.v140i2.2020.a3, S2CID 219970340
71. ^ "Furnishing cloth, Lancashire, 1830s, Victoria and Albert Museum, CIRC.305-1956". Retrieved 23 Feb 2012.

Bibliography [edit]

• Rhodes, Richard (2004). John James Audubon: The Making of an American. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0-375-41412-vi

External links [edit]

• Birds of America at the University of Pittsburgh, with high resolution images of all 435 double elephant folios.
• Meisei University: Birds of America, the consummate sets of 435 plates of drawings, with the accompanying five volumes of textbooks.
• The Royal Octavo edition, in seven volumes, consummate:
  • Book 1, 1840
  • Volume 2, 1841
  • Volume 3, 1841
  • Volume 4, 1842
  • Volume v, 1842
  • Volume six, 1843
  • Volume 7, 1844
• The short film John James Audubon: The Birds of America (1986) is available for free download at the Cyberspace Archive.
• Popular Science Monthly/Volume 31/September 1887/Sketch of J. J. Audubon
• Guide to resource regarding Audubon's Birds of America at Field Museum Library

fullerposinion2001.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Birds_of_America

Share this post